In tourism literature, various forms of tourism are cited. It is
necessasary to look through various types of tourism and popular terms in order
to get acquintance with clear view of tourism industry. Classification of
tourism is made according to the
purpose, length/span of journey, number, organisation etc.
One of the most important distintion is domestic and international
tourism. Normally when we think about tourists, a picture of white skinned
traveller from the west but in reality, natives of the country are also
significant for tourism industry. People of USA
travel within the country than going abroad and Chinese tourists travel
within the country than going abroad.
Though there are
differences, some similarities also exists;
·
Both generates revenue and
employment oportunities.
·
Both may use similar tourist
facilities and infrastructure.
·
Both are suceptible to crises
and security problems.
·
Importance of both type can not
be ignored.
Traditionally,
domestic tourism is overshadowed by international tourism but its importance is
being realised more and more. As mentioned earlier, even in the tourist
generating countries, domestic tourism have bigger volume than outbound
tourism. Gradually, there is increasing tendency of travelling within the
country in developing countries. During the recession in the tourism of Bali
(due to bomb explosion in 2002 and 2005), domestic tourists from other part of
Indonesia kept on the blood stream of Balinese tourism. In the context of Nepal
also, priority level is increasing for domestic market during last few decades.
Nevertheless, the
difference is diminishing globally. EU
is an example for that; currency, open border rules etc have narrowed
down the gap between international and domestic tourism in the region.
Besides the
distinciton between international and domestic tourism, other classifications
of tourism are relevant as well;
According to purpose of visit
1. Holiday: It is tourism for escaping everyday stressful and and
refreshment break. Most of the tourists in Nepal belong to this category.
2. Busines: Modern business
require visiting other destinations for training, networking, marketing and so
on. Today buisness and more precisely MICE tourism occuies significant place in
tourism.
3. Common interest: people travel for certain other interests rather
than purposes mentined above. VFR, medical purpose, Spa, Spiritual tourism etc
come under this category.
According to the duration
1.
Excursion: travelling done for
less than 24 hours can be taken as excursions. Sometimes it is taken as travel
without overnight stay in the destination.
2.
Overnight: travel with at least one night stay in the
destination comes in this category.
Sometimes the
distinction is relative term because for the single heritage, tourists are
excursionist but for overall destination, they can be overnight tourists. For
example, a day trip to swayambhunath of an European is excursion whereas he
might live one month in Nepal.
According to Number
1. Individual: Young people specially students like to go travelling
alone. For the learning purpose and other special purposes, this is preferred.
2. Group: For older age and into unfamiliar destinations, group tourism
is popular. It suits to the people who like things organised, safe and less
time consuming.
According to organisation
1. Independrent: Selection of destinations, transportaton, and lodging
are managed by traveller himself. In popular words, they are taken as
backpackers. Though per person expenditure is less than organised, they may
have better economic impacts to local population.
2. Organised: Different process of journey is organised by tour
operators. Organised tourism have bigger spending than independent one but lots
of leakage occurs because these tourists consume foreign materials and
services.
In addition,
various terms are used in tourism literature which is relavant to mention;
·
Popular tourism: when people
with similar interest start to flock to any destination, it is popular tourism.
During the 60’s and 70’s, various destinations in Asia like Bali, Kathmandu,
Goa etc were popular tourist destination.
·
Mass tourism: When a lots of
number of tourists flock to any destination, if results in mass tourism. Often,
popular tourism gives a birth to the mass tourism. Bali and Goa nowadays are
mass tourism destination.
·
Sustainable tourism: this is a
relatively new typology of tourism which of iften taken as an alternative of
mass tourism. In simple words, sustainable tourism is a kind of tourism which
is aimed to minimise positive impacts of
tourism fairly and minimise negative impacts keeping resources and heritages
unharmed.
·
Green tourism: similar to
sustainable tourism and biased on the preservation of natural resources.
·
Pro-poor tourism: It is tourism aimed to minimise poverty.
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